LPIC-2 Exam 201-450
考試目標版本：4.5（考試代碼201-450）。
關於目標權重：為每個目標分配一個權重值。 權重指示每個目標在考試中的相對重要性。 考試中將涵蓋更多權重更高的目標。
Topic 200: Capacity Planning
200.1 Measure and Troubleshoot Resource Usage
Weight: 6
Description: Candidates should be able to measure hardware resource and network bandwidth, identify and troubleshoot resource problems.
Key Knowledge Areas:
Measure CPU usage
Measure memory usage
Measure disk I/O
Measure network I/O
Measure firewalling and routing throughput
Map client bandwidth usage
Match / correlate system symptoms with likely problems
Estimate throughput and identify bottlenecks in a system including networking
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
iostat
netstat
w
top
sar
processes blocked on I/O
blocks out
vmstat
pstree, ps
Isof
uptime
swap
blocks in
200.2 Predict Future Resource Needs
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to monitor resource usage to predict future resource needs.
Key Knowledge Areas:
Use monitoring and measurement tools to monitor IT infrastructure usage.
Predict capacity break point of a configuration
Observe growth rate of capacity usage
Graph the trend of capacity usage
Awareness of monitoring solutions such as Icinga2, Nagios, collectd, MRTG and Cacti
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
diagnose
predict growth
resource exhaustion
Topic 201: Linux Kernel
201.1 Kernel Components
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to utilize kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, identifying stable and development kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules.
Key Knowledge Areas:
Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x documentation
Terms and Utilities:
/usr/src/linux/
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/
zImage
bzImage
xz compression
201.2 Compiling a kernel
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels.
Key Knowledge Areas:
/usr/src/linux/
Kernel Makefiles
Kernel 2.6.x/3.x make targets
Customize the current kernel configuration.
Build a new kernel and appropriate kernel modules.
Install a new kernel and any modules.
Ensure that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files.
Module configuration files
Use DKMS to compile kernel modules.
Awareness of dracut
Terms and Utilities:
mkinitrd
mkinitramfs
make
make targets (all, config, xconfig, menuconfig, gconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg)
gzip
bzip2
module tools
/usr/src/linux/.config
/lib/modules/kernel-version/
depmod
dkms
201.3 Kernel runtime management and troubleshooting
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x, 3.x or 4.x kernel and its loadable modules. Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues. Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules.
Key Knowledge Areas:
Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules
Manually load and unload kernel modules
Determine when modules can be unloaded
Determine what parameters a module accepts
Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name.
/proc filesystem
Content of /, /boot/ , and /lib/modules/
Tools and utilities to analyze information about the available hardware
udev rules
Terms and Utilities:
/lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
module configuration files in /etc/
/proc/sys/kernel/
/sbin/depmod
/sbin/rmmod
/sbin/modinfo
/bin/dmesg
/sbin/lspci
/usr/bin/lsdev
/sbin/lsmod
/sbin/modprobe
/sbin/insmod
/bin/uname
/usr/bin/lsusb
/etc/sysctl.conf, /etc/sysctl.d/
/sbin/sysctl
udevmonitor
udevadm monitor
/etc/udev/
Topic 202: System Startup
202.1 Customizing SysV-init system startup
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various targets / run levels. A thorough understanding of the systemd, SysV Init and the Linux boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with systemd targets and SysV init run levels.
Key Knowledge Areas:
Systemd
SysV init
Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB)
Terms and Utilities:
/usr/lib/systemd/
/etc/systemd/
/run/systemd/
systemctl
systemd-delta
/etc/inittab
/etc/init.d/
/etc/rc.d/
chkconfig
update-rc.d
init and telinit
202.2 System Recovery
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options. Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB version 2 and GRUB Legacy are the bootloaders of interest. Both BIOS and UEFI systems are covered.
Key Knowledge Areas:
BIOS and UEFI
NVMe booting
GRUB version 2 and Legacy
grub shell
boot loader start and hand off to kernel
kernel loading
hardware initialisation and setup
daemon/service initialisation and setup
Know the different boot loader install locations on a hard disk or removable device.
Overwrite standard boot loader options and using boot loader shells.
Use systemd rescue and emergency modes.
Terms and Utilities:
mount
fsck
inittab, telinit and init with SysV init
The contents of /boot/, /boot/grub/ and /boot/efi/
EFI System Partition (ESP)
GRUB
grub-install
efibootmgr
UEFI shell
initrd, initramfs
Master boot record
systemctl
202.3 Alternate Bootloaders
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be aware of other bootloaders and their major features.
Key Knowledge Areas:
SYSLINUX, ISOLINUX, PXELINUX
Understanding of PXE for both BIOS and UEFI
Awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot
Terms and Utilities:
syslinux
extlinux
isolinux.bin
isolinux.cfg
isohdpfx.bin
efiboot.img
pxelinux.0
pxelinux.cfg/
uefi/shim.efi
uefi/grubx64.efi
